Project Activities
-
December 21, 2017 Forum Report: Reconsidering Appraisal Rights for Long
Term Value Realization
-
June 6, 2016 Forum Report: Dell Decision Confirms Foundations of Forum
Support for Appraisal Rights; see also reports relating to competing
interests in case:
-
May 25, 2016 Forum Report: Court Defines Responsibility for Voting in
Appraisal Demands
-
February 16, 2016 Forum Report: Dell Appraisal Case Focuses on Intrinsic
Value and Proxy Plumbing
-
January 6, 2016 Forum Report: Dell’s Expert Arguments Supporting “Widely
Divergent” Appraisal Value
-
May 26, 2015 Forum Report: Inviting Suggestions for Effective Management
of Dell Appraisal Case
-
November 18, 2014 Forum Report: Appraisal Rights to Realize Intrinsic
Value of TIBCO and Other Buyouts
-
July 24, 2014 Forum Report: Ultimate Investor Interests in Rights to
Long Term Value
-
November 4, 2013 Forum Report:
Preliminary Plans for Panel Addressing Appraisal Rights Investments
-
October 14, 2013 Forum Report: Panel to Consider Appraisal Rights
Policies for Long Term Investment
-
September 10, 2013 Forum Report: Court Rules for Appraisal: Fair Value =
Intrinsic Value
News Reports
-
March 1, 2019
Financial Times: "Delaware hedge fund tussle puts efficient market
hypothesis in spotlight" [Another, possibly final, round of
attention to misused appraisal rights]
-
July 27, 2018
Financial Times: "Dell’s return to stock market
leaves a bitter taste | Billionaire relists the PC company he founded at
a much higher valuation" [Suggesting that shareholders rely upon
Icahn instead of courts to support integrity of capital investments]
-
June 19, 2018
Financial Times: "Delaware’s feared litigator rounds on state’s
judges" [Folding on appraisals and betting on litigation funding]
-
February 21, 2018 Financial Times: "Hedge funds fight to save M&A
arbitrage strategy | Challenging deal prices in court has become risky
after latest ruling in Delaware" [More confusion about court theory
meaning that "Warren Buffett wouldn’t be Warren Buffett"]
-
February 15, 2018
Law360: "Aruba Share Payout Cut 30% In $2.8B HP Tie-up Appraisal"
[Judge applies higher court interpretation of economic theory in
provocative appraisal decision]
-
December 28, 2017 Financial Times: "Hedge funds face ‘game
over’ for buyout strategy" [Reactions to court ruling's
discouragement of disruptive "appraisal arbitrage" practices]
-
December 14, 2017 Reuters: "Court reverses Dell buyout ruling
that alarmed dealmakers" [Court considers "fair value" defined by
market pricing, eliminating appraisal as protection from opportunistic
buyouts]
-
October 27, 2017
Law360: "Baker Hughes' Investors Seek Stock Review In $7.4B GE Deal"
[Litigation finance leader now acting also as principal petitioner to
invest directly in appraisal arbitrage opportunities]
-
August 28, 2017 Law360: "Private Bancorp Investors Seek Appraisal Of $4.9B Merger"
[Advocates of appraisal arbitrage ignore recent decisions to seek court
valuation of strategic merger]
-
August 17, 2017 Law360: "Paul Weiss Accused By Financial Co. Of Bad Merger Advice"
[Conglomerate sues legal counsel for failing to explain procedures that
could have blocked litigation claims of unfair buyout]
-
August 1, 2017 Law360: "Del. Justices Reverse Appraisal Of $1.3B DFC Global Buyout"
[Delaware Supreme Court decides market price is the same as intrinsic
value for purposes of appraisal rights]
-
July 25, 2017 Law360: "Clearwire Ruling Shines Light On Appraisal Arbitrage Risks"
[Observations of court decision demonstrating need for informed analysis
of appraisal rights]
-
June 8, 2017 Law360: "Calamos Investor Seeks Stock Appraisal After Parent Buyout"
[Legal journal confuses appraisal rights with class action claims]
-
May 30, 2017 Law360: "Chancery Cuts SWS Merger Price In Blow To Investors"
[Appraisal arbitrage funds learn about valuation risks in buyouts based
on strategic combinations]
-
May 26, 2017 Reuters: "Court finds Petsmart buyout fair in blow to appraisal
strategy" [Another appraisal decision rejects "fanciful" and
"flawed" valuation opinions of "paid experts"]
-
April 20, 2017 Law360: "Appraisal Actions May Be The Next Frontier For PE Shops"
[Continuing confusion of "fair price" and "fair value" in rights to
appraisal of buyouts]
-
April 5, 2017 Bloomberg BNA: "Delaware Eyeing Blockchain to Improve
Corporate Processes" [Proposed new laws to enable replacement
of obsolete processes for securities records]
-
December 16, 2016 Law360: "Chancery Uses Market Price In LPS-Fidelity Deal Appraisal"
[Court's independent analysis supports competitively established pricing
of strategic buyer as fair value]
-
November 10, 2016 Law360: "Bank Merger Appraisal Nets 10.7% Gain For Stockholders"
[Court again rejects both merger price and "wildly divergent valuations"
of experts to perform its own appraisal of fair value]
-
November 4, 2016 Law360: "Grant, Ashby Spar Over Lead In $3B Rouse Deal Appraisal"
[Lawyers' fight over appraisal case fees stimulates court consideration
of policy for orderly control]
-
October 19, 2016,
Delaware Business Court Insider: "Dismissed Dell Appraisal
Claimants Settle With Company" [Legal expert's
view of currently undefined procedures to assure fair settlements in
appraisal cases]
-
September 22, 2016
Law360: "Outerwall Investor Wants Records After $1.6B Apollo
Deal" [Use of records demand as foundation for class action breach
of duty claim in buyout]
-
September 19, 2016 Forbes: "Michael Dell's MSD Capital Joins
Shareholders Challenging NorthStar And Colony Capital Merger"
[Making use of experience with buyouts priced below fair value]
-
September 7, 2016 Reuters: "NetSuite shareholder T. Rowe Price
opposes sale to Oracle" [Leading investor making use of lessons
from Dell appraisal case]
-
September 5, 2016
Wall Street Journal: "SolarCity Snafu Casts More Doubt on
Fairness Opinions" [Another example of "fairness opinion"
relevance to value]
-
August 15, 2016 Law360: "Jarden Investor Wants Newell Rubbermaid Deal Appraised"
[Adventurous investor pursuing appraisal rights in merger based on
strategic business combination]
-
July 8, 2016,
Reuters: "Delaware judge rules DFC Global was sold too cheaply in
2014" [Delaware Chancellor endorses practice of rejecting widely
divergent expert views to perform own independent appraisal]; see also
July 11, 2016 Delaware Business Court Insider: "Bouchard Uses
'Imperfect' Blend of Metrics in Valuation Dispute"
-
May 31, 2016
Law360: "Chancery's Dell Ruling Gives New Life To
Appraisal Actions" [Court decision in Dell valuation confirms Forum
participants' views of appraisal rights]; for other reactions to
the decision, see:
-
May 31, 2016 Austin Business Journal: "Court: Dell shares
were undervalued by 28% in 2013 buyout"
-
May 31, 2016 Financial Times: "Delaware court finds Dell’s
$24bn buyout underpaid investors"
-
May 31, 2016 Law360: "Chancery Values Dell Stock Nearly $4
Above $25B Deal Price"
-
May 31, 2016 (updated) Delaware Business Court Insider:
"Laster Rules Dell Merger Shortchanged Shareholders"
-
June 1, 2016 Wall Street Journal: "Judge Finds Michael Dell,
Silver Lake Underpaid for Dell in 2013"
-
June 1, 2016 Reuters: "U.S. court rules $24.9 billion Dell
buyout underpriced by 22 percent"
-
June 1, 2016 Bloomberg View: "Michael Dell Bought His
Company Too Cheaply"
-
June 2, 2016 Fortune: "The Biggest Winner in the Dell
Settlement Was Hoping to Lose"
-
June 2, 2016 Fortune: "How Michael Dell Shortchanged
Shareholders While Doing Nothing Wrong"
-
June 6, 2014 New York Times | DealBook: "Who Decides
‘Fair Value?’ In Dell’s Case, a Judge"
-
June 7, 2016 Wall Street Journal: "Dealpolitik: Is
Delaware Law Rigged Against the Small Shareholder?"
-
June 7, 2016 New York Times | DealBook: "Ruling on Dell
Buyout May Not Be Precedent Some Fear"
-
June 8, 2016 Bloomberg BNA: "'Dell' Ruling Raises Questions
Over Fair Value of Buyouts"
-
June 11, 2016 Barron's: "Michael Dell’s $6 Billion Holdup | A
judge recently ruled that Michael Dell and Silver Lake underpaid
Dell shareholders by $6 billion"
-
June 13, 2016 Financial Times: "A ding-dong in Delaware |
A dispute brought by Dell investors shows that valuations should
be more than academic"
-
May 11, 2016 Law360: "Chancery Knocks T. Rowe Price Funds Out
Of Dell Appraisal" [Court decides fund manager's voting error makes
its shares ineligible for appraisal rights]; see also
-
May 12, 2016
Austin Business Journal: "Major Dell
stockholder ruled ineligible for share appraisal process"
-
May 13, 2016
Bloomberg View: "T. Rowe Price Voted for
the Dell Buyout by Accident"
-
May 13, 2016
Reuters: "T Rowe Price loses lawsuit over
2013 Dell buyout"
-
May 18, 2016
Delaware Business Court Insider: "T. Rowe
Price Shares Ineligible for Appraisal, Court Rules"
-
May 18, 2016 Bloomberg BNA: "‘Voting Mix-Up' Causes T.Rowe
to Lose Dell Appraisal Suit"
-
June 2, 2016 Wall Street Journal: "After Nearly $200
Million Flub, T. Rowe Price Seeks a Solution | Investment firm is
likely to announce a plan to reimburse clients who lost out when
it accidentally voted in favor of the 2013 buyout of Dell Inc."
-
June 3, 2016 Investment News: "T. Rowe Price makes a $190
million misstep | Wrong vote in 2013 on Dell proxy costs
shareholders"
-
June 6, 2016 Investment News: "T. Rowe Price to pay out
$194 million to shareholders in four mutual funds, other clients |
Firm's moves stems from error it made in voting on the 2013 buyout
of Dell"
-
June
6, 2016 Wall Street Journal: "T. Rowe Price Pays Up for
Botched Vote | Firm will compensate fund clients who lost out when
it accidentally voted in favor of the 2013 buyout of Dell"
-
June 11, 2016 Barron's: "T. Rowe Price’s $194 Million Proxy
Blunder"
-
April 6, 2016
Delaware Law Weekly: "Bar Association Appraisal Measures Headline
DGCL Amendment Package" [Proposed changes in appraisal law to
discourage "arbitrage" exploitation]
-
December 7, 2015
Law360: "Dole CEO, Execs To Pay $114M In Merger
Fraud Settlement" [Lawyers negotiate 30% fee to settle all
appraisal and class action claims at same price below court's class
award]
-
October 21, 2015 Reuters: "Delaware judge rules against hedge
funds in BMC buyout" [Court discourages use of "dismayingly
divergent" experts in decision against leading appraisal arbitrage fund]
-
October 1, 2015 Law360: "Most Feared Plaintiffs Firm: Grant &
Eisenhofer" [Class action law firm's view of "appraisal arbitrage"
opportunities]
-
August 27, 2015
Reuters: "Dole CEO found liable for $148.2
million over 2013 buyout" [Court awards "fair price" to all
former shareholders in class action for breaches of duty, making
appraisal rights moot]
-
August 4, 2015 Law360: "Funds Seek DirecTV Stock Appraisal After
$48.5B AT&T Deal" [Appraisal arbitrage fund managed by lawyer
takes adventurous position in buyout priced for strategic business
combination]
-
August 4, 2015
The Deal: "Delaware appraisal and judicial
activism" [Court use of Dell appraisal case to encourage
clarification of responsibilities for stock ownership]
-
July 26, 2015
New York Times | Fair Game: "Fidelity Seen as
Muscling Investors Out of Upside in a Telecom Deal" [Example
of buyout in jurisdiction without minority shareholder rights to
appraised intrinsic value]
-
July 21, 2015
New York Times | DealBook: : "Funds Find They Don’t
Really Own Dell Shares" [Blaming antiquated laws for fund
manager's voting and ownership errors in Dell appraisal case]
-
July 14, 2015
Bloomberg View: "Banks Forgot Who Was Supposed to
Own Dell Shares" [Effort to explain confusion of "proxy
plumbing" in rights to appraisal of stock]
-
July 13, 2015
Wall Street Journal | MoneyBeat: "Investors
Challenging Dell Deal Hit a Clog in the ‘Proxy Plumbing’"
[Judge rules some accounts managed by T Rowe Price ineligible for
appraisal based on antiquated record ownership rules]
-
June 26, 2015 Wall Street Journal: "Some AOL Shareholders Plan to
Seek Higher Payout on Verizon Deal" [Followers of
"appraisal arbitrage" demand intrinsic value in buyout priced for strategic combination]
-
June 2, 2015 Wall Street Journal: "Safeway to Pay Hedge Funds $44
a Share to Settle Buyout Suits" [Profitable quick settlement by
some appraisal rights investors while others continue process]
-
May 18, 2015
USA Today: "Dell moves to boot T. Rowe from
appraisal case" [Public court filing reports appraisal
petitioner knew of voting "discrepancy" since 2014, attributes to ISS
"anomaly"]
-
May 11, 2015
Law360: "Dell Wants To Probe T. Rowe Price's Vote In
$25B Buyout" [Dell initiates investigation of "discrepancy" in
stated vote relating to dissenter appraisal rights]
-
May 11, 2015
Reuters: "T Rowe's challenge to Dell deal may fuel
critics of 'appraisal'" [Dell asks court to consider dissenter
rights of shareholder after revelation of "discrepancy" vote]
-
May 3, 2015
USA Today: "Money manager hits awkward snag in Dell
buyout case" [Discovery that lead petitioner in "dissenter"
rights for Dell appraisal voted in favor of transaction]; for
professional views of the reported fund manager vote, see
-
April 6, 2015 Wall Street Journal: "Wall Street Law Firms
Challenge Hedge-Fund Deal Tactic | Lawyers take issue with ‘appraisal
arbitrage’ strategy" [Adventurous use of appraisal rights stimulates
opposition]
-
March 19, 2015, Reuters: "Hedge funds hot "appraisal" strategy
for deals may become a lot less appealing" [Record amount of
appraisal rights investment in PetSmart buyout before expected change in
law]
-
February 27, 2015 Financial Times | Lex: "Management Buyouts:
Trust issues | The dilemma is this: the boss has the inside perspective
on the value of the company" [Logical analysis of buyouts by insiders]
-
February 19, 2015 New
York Times DealBook: "Delaware Courts
Pause on the Deal Price Do-Over" [More "expert" confusion of
shareholder rights to appraised intrinsic value in buyouts]
-
February 12, 2015 Reuters: "Dela. Supreme Court upholds market
price as proxy for value in appraisals" and February 11, 2015 Delaware
Supreme Court video record of hearing [Delaware Supreme Court affirms
rejection of unreliable expert testimony as basis for appraisal of
company]
-
February 6, 2015
Law 360: "Riverbed Tech Shareholders Sue Over
'Self-Serving' $3.6B Sale" [Allegations of unusual management
biases in negotiation of company sale to favored buyer]
-
February 2, 2015 Wall Street Journal: "Hedge Funds Plan to Seek
Higher Price for Safeway" [Hedge funds testing "appraisal
arbitrage" on strategic business combination]
-
February 2, 2014 Law360: "Chancery Dings Appraisals, But Deal
Makers Still Vulnerable" [Legal advisors'
reactions to controversial court reliance on market pricing instead of
intrinsic value]
-
January 30, 2015 Reuters:
"Hedge funds lose court bid over Ancestry.com deal price" [Court unable to
perform independent appraisal since expert analyses presented by both
sides are unreliable]
-
January 23, 2015
Business Insider: "EXCLUSIVE WITH MICHAEL
DELL: It's Awesome To Be Private, PCs Aren't Dead, And Chromebooks Won't
Take Over The World" [Henry Blodgett interviews Michael Dell
at Davos about intrinsic value of company he bought from public
shareholders]
-
January 7, 2015 Wall Street Journal: "Judge Rules in Favor of
Hedge Fund ‘Appraisal Arbitrage’ Strategy" [Court decisions reduce
procedural complications of appraisal rights]
-
December 23, 2014
Financial Times: "Private equity hopes
Petsmart marks a turn" [Market conditions for private equity
buyout opportunities to realize intrinsic value]
-
December 15, 2014
Financial Times | Lex: "Petsmart: hitting it
out of the park | If private equity is buying, think carefully about
selling" [Smart investors take advantage of forced sale]
-
December 15, 2014
Bloomberg: "Activists Jana, Elliott Each Gain
40% on PetSmart and Riverbed" [Activists' forced sales create
opportunities for investors in intrinsic value of companies]
-
December 4, 2014
Bloomberg (article and video interview):
"Michael Dell Predicts More Buyouts as CEOs Seek Sale Advice"
[Dell advocates buyouts to realize long term intrinsic value]
-
December 2, 2014 Wall Street Journal
| CFO Journal: "Pricey
Stocks Curb LBO Hunger" [Continuing lull in financial buyouts of
public companies attributed to high stock prices]
-
November 24, 2014, Michael Dell of Dell Inc. published in
The Wall
Street Journal: "Going Private Is Paying Off for Dell | A year
later, we’re able to focus on customers and the long term, rather than
activist investors." [Dell confirms benefits of investing in
intrinsic value of enterprise ‒ or appraisal rights to it]
-
November 10, 2014 Diginomica: "CEO sees TIBCO as ‘going private’
trendsetter" [Founder-CEO following Dell example to realize long term
enterprise value]
-
November 5, 2014
Bloomberg: "Dell, Silver Lake Said to Reap 90%
Gain a Year After LBO" [Rewards of informed investors]
-
September 9, 2014 New York Times DealBook: "Take-Private Deals
Are Nearly Extinct on Wall Street" [Absence of 2014 private equity
buyouts of public companies attributed to market pricing]
-
July 30, 2014 Wall Street Journal: "Buyout Shops Look to Rivals
for Deals" [Record lull in private equity buyouts of public
companies]
-
July 19, 2014
The New York Times | Fair Game: "Your Rights,
Buried in Paperwork" [Importance of appraisal rights to support
investment in long term company value]; see also related
July 21, 2014
Austin Business Journal: "Dell shareholders push
back in buyout share price appraisal case" [Reactions to Dell
obstructing former investors' rights to appraisal]
-
June 19, 2014 Wall Street Journal: "Hedge Fund 'Appraisal
Arbitrage' Strategy Faces Court Challenge" [Court challenge to practices
of more adventurous appraisal rights investors]
-
May 30, 2014 Wall Street Journal: "Three Funds Plan to Seek
Appraisal of Zale Shares Over Signet Deal" [Funds speculate on
appraisal of standalone value in sale to strategic buyer]
-
May 30, 2014 New York Times DealBook: "Fine Legal Point Poses
Challenge to Appraisal Rights" [One of the reasons for Forum's
practices in establishing eligibility for appraisal rights]
-
May 23, 2014 Wall Street Journal:
"Second Big Zale Shareholder to Oppose Sale to Signet | Investor May
Seek Second Opinion on Acquisition Price" [Mutual fund reserves
appraisal rights to support activist renegotiation of sale price]
-
April 13, 2014 Wall Street Journal: "Hedge Funds Wield Risky
Legal Ploy to Milk Buyouts" [Funds attracted to appraisal rights for
speculation instead of investment in intrinsic value]
-
March 26, 2014 Wall Street Journal: "First Rule of Mergers: To
Fight Is to Lose | Shareholders Challenged 94% of U.S. Public-Company
Deals Last Year" [Increasing concerns about parasitic class action
lawsuits in M&A transactions]
-
March 5, 2014 American Lawyer: "Appraisal Rights the Latest
Tool for Yield-Hungry Hedge Funds" [Reports of increasing fund manager
interest in appraisal rights investments]
-
March 4, 2014 New York Times DealBook: "A New Form of Shareholder
Activism Gains Momentum" [Shareholder right to appraised fair value now
considered form of activist investing]
-
February 20, 2014 Law360: "Dissenting-Shareholders Clauses May Become More Common"
[M&A professional's research of increased investor use of appraisal
rights]
-
February 3, 2014 Wall
Street Journal: "SEC Looking at How Alternative Funds Value
Investments" [Investor concerns about market pricing of portfolio
assets]
-
January 10, 2014 New York
Times DealBook: "Corporate Takeover? In 2013, a Lawsuit Almost
Always Followed" [Questioning processes for support of investor
interests in buyouts]
-
December 26, 2013 Wall Street
Journal: "Judge Blasts Plaintiff's Lawyers in Talbots Deal Case"
[Court view of class action M&A litigation that does not benefit
shareholders]
-
December 2, 2013
Financial Times Lex: "Dell: fair appraisal"
[Professional spin confusing valuation standards for appraisal rights]
-
December 2, 2013
Law360: "Dell Says $25B Buyout Didn't Undervalue
Company" [More confusion in news reports about Dell appraisal
rights]
-
November 27, 2013
Bloomberg: "Dell Appraisals Demanded by T. Rowe
to [sic] Magnetar Capital"; see also
November 27, 2013 Wall Street Journal: "Dell Investors Line Up For Court
Appraisal" [Required Dell filing in Forum's Valuation Trust
appraisal case identifies investors reserving rights]
-
November 22, 2013
Wall Street Journal MoneyBeat: "Fortress Wants
More for Its Dole Food Shares | It Is Among Large Investors Asking for
More Per Share After CEO Took Company Private" [Funds engaging in
"appraisal arbitrage" identified in recent filings]
-
October 31, 2013
Wall Street Journal MoneyBeat: "Dole Food Deal
Passes By Slim Margin as Hedge Funds Seek Appraisal" [Increasing
use of rights to intrinsic value instead of buyout price]
-
October 3, 2013
Bloomberg: "Dell Value Dispute Spotlights Rise in
Appraisal Arbitrage" [development of funds specializing in
appraisal rights]
-
September 17, 2013
New
York Times DealBook: "Dole Food’s Buyout in 2013 Looks a Lot Like
One in 2003" [another value investor buyout opportunity]
-
September 10, 2013
New York Times DealBook: "Icahn’s Last Chance
on Dell" [value investor's analysis of appraisal rights for Dell's
management buyout]; see also
September 10, 2013
Law360: "Dell Shareholders Like Their
Appraisal Odds In $25B Buyout"
-
July 15, 2013
Wall Street Journal: "Private-Equity Buyouts
Shortchange Shareholders | Dell Deal an Example of the Upper Hand Held
by Smart Financiers and Knowledgeable Insiders" [applying
logic to buyouts]
-
June 23, 2013
New York Times Fair Game: "For Dell Investors, a
Safety Valve" [benefits of appraisal rights made practical for
institutional and individual investors]
-
June 21, 2013
Law360: "Dell Buyout Critics Seek New Market For
Appraisal Rights" [professional views of Forum provisions for
marketability of appraisal rights]
Academic and Professional Views
-
March 22, 2019, Alec Litowitz and David Wilansky of Magnetar Capital
published in Law360: "Are Delaware Courts Last To Believe In
Efficient Markets?" [Appraisal investor's observations of
inconsistencies in legal reliance upon discredited economic theory]
-
February 15, 2019 Law360: "Appraisal Arbitrage Dimmed By
Delaware Rulings" [Analysis shows judicial reaction to appraisal
adventurers has ended assurance of fair value realization]
-
August 1, 2018, Matt Levine in Bloomberg: "Is appraisal dead?"
[Professional view that courts cannot be expected to support
shareholder rights to fair value of capital investment]
-
February 27, 2018, Matt Levine in Bloomberg View: "Should
Courts Care Who Wins in a Merger?" [Concerns about reliance on
market pricing in an age of indexed investing]
-
February 20, 2018, John K. Hughes and Jack B. Jacobs of Sidley Austin
LLP published in Law360: "Observations On Delaware Appraisal In
A Post-Dell World" [Legal experts analyze confusion of recent
court rulings in appraisal rights]
-
February 12, 2018, Matthew Schoenfeld of Burford Capital: "From Corwin
to Dell: The Cost of Turning a Blind Eye" (18
pages, 807 KB, in PDF
format) [Investor and macroeconomic implications of limiting
shareholder rights to market pricing]
-
December 8,
2017, Jarrad Harford of University of Washington, Jared Stanfield of
University of New South Wales and Feng Zhang of University of Utah
published in Journal of Financial Economics: "Do insiders
time management buyouts and freezeouts to buy undervalued targets?" (26
pages, 1.4 MB, in PDF
format) [Academic review of previously reported observations]
-
December 1, 2017 [draft], Lawrence A. Hamermesh of the University of
Pennsylvania Law School Institute for Law and Economics and the
Widener University Delaware Law School, and Michael L. Wachter of the
University of Pennsylvania Law School: "Finding the Right Balance in
Appraisal Litigation: Deal Price, Deal Process, and Synergies" (69
pages, 455 KB, in PDF
format); for the authors' summary of the draft, see their
December 21,
2017 posting in The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate
Governance and Financial Regulation: "Finding the Right Balance in
Appraisal Litigation: Deal Price, Deal Process, and Synergies"
[Experts' wisdom on court definition of "fair value" to limit
confusion of appraisal arbitrage]
-
September 19.
2017, Audra Boone of Texas Christian University, Brian Broughman of
Indiana University and Antonio J. Macias of Baylor University: "Merger
Negotiations in the Shadow of Judicial Appraisal" (51
pages, 1.2 MB, in PDF
format) [Statistical analyses supporting view that increased use
of appraisal claims has no negative effects on volume or pricing of
takeovers]
-
September 7, 2017 Law360: "Del. Courts Spend Summer Reining In
Appraisal Suit Excess" [Legal experts analyze professional
defense interests in recent appraisal rights decisions]
-
August 29, 2017, Matthew Schoenfeld of Burford Capital: "The High Cost
of Fewer Appraisal Claims in 2017: Premia Down, Agency Costs Up" (9
pages, 410 KB, in PDF
format); for the author's summary of the paper, see
September 8, 2017,
Matthew Schoenfeld of Burford Capital posting in The Harvard Law
School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation:
"The High Cost of Fewer Appraisal Claims in 2017: Premia Down, Agency
Costs Up"; for the final published version, see
January 2,
2018, Matthew Schoenfeld of Burford Capital in the online Harvard
Business Law Review: "The High Cost of Fewer Appraisal Claims in
2017: Premia Down, Agency Costs Up" ( (9
pages, 410 KB, in PDF
format) [Litigation finance research of investor and public interests in appraisal rights]
-
June 7, 2017, Edward M. McNally and Patricia A. Winston of Morris
James LLP published in JD Supra: "Is Appraisal Arbitrage Past
Its Prime?" [Expert views of prospects for adventurous use of
appraisal rights]
-
May 2017, The M&A
Journal: "A Sleepy Topic: The Return of Appraisal Rights"
(6 pages, 1.1 MB, in PDF
format) [Legal experts review key court decisions and evolving
professional practices defining current use of appraisal rights]
-
April 19, 2017, Robert Bartell and Christopher Janssen of Duff &
Phelps posting in The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate
Governance and Financial Regulation: "In Defense of Fairness
Opinions: An Empirical Review of Ten Years of Data" [Leading
provider of fairness opinions presents research with 10 graphs proving
boards, courts and investors can rely upon fairness opinions]
-
April 6, 2017, Robert J. Coughlin of Nixon Peabody LLP presented to
the American Bar Association Business Law Section 2017 Spring Meeting:
"A Case Study in Voting Mechanics Through DTC: In Re: Appraisal of
Dell Inc."
(13 pages, 241 KB, in PDF
format) [Analysis of current administrative processes based on
1970s regulatory solution to managing records of securities ownership]
-
February 23, 2017, Reynolds Holding of Columbia Law School, published
in Reuters Breakingviews: "In praise of merger appraisals |
Singing Appraisals" [Advocacy of independent judicial appraisal
to assure investor rights to fair value of corporate capital]; see
also February 28, 2017, Reynolds Holding interview of J. Travis Laster
posted on Columbia Law School CLS Blue Sky Blog: "Blue Sky
Banter: Travis Laster on Appraisal Rights" [Judicial views of
public purpose and capital markets foundations of stockholder rights
to appraisal of fair value]
-
February 6, 2017 (draft), Guhan Subramanian of Harvard Law School and
Harvard Business School: "Using the Deal Price for Determining 'Fair
Value' in Appraisal Proceedings" (31 pages, 148 KB, in PDF
format); for the author's summary of the paper, see
February 21, 2017, Guhan Subramanian of Harvard Law School and Harvard
Business School posting in The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate
Governance and Financial Regulation: "Using the Deal Price for
Determining 'Fair Value' in Appraisal Proceedings" [Another
scholar's view of appraisal based on failure to distinguish between
market pricing and intrinsic value]
-
January 6, 2017, Albert H. Choi of the University of Virginia Law
School and Eric L. Talley of Columbia Law School posting in The
Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial
Regulation: "Appraising the 'Merger Price' Appraisal Rule"
[Analysis debunks
recent legal advocacy of market pricing as basis for appraised
intrinsic value]
-
November 23, 2016, Howard Chatzinoff, Eoghan Keenan and Maryam Naghavi
of Weil Gotshal & Manges: "Understanding and Managing Appraisal Risk
in M&A Transactions" [Another M&A advisor's analysis of
standards for appraisal established by Dell case]
-
November 23, 2016, Victor Lewkow and Rob Gruszecki of Cleary Gottlieb
Steen & Hamilton post in The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate
Governance and Financial Regulation: "Negotiating Appraisal
Conditions in Public M&A Transactions" [M&A advisor adapts
strategies to standards established by Dell appraisal decision]
-
November 17, 2016, Ronald Brown
III and Keenan Lynch of Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom LLP
Insights: "Recent Opinions Highlight Different Appraisal
Valuation Methods Employed in Merger Transactions by Delaware Courts"
(4 pages, 401 KB, in PDF
format) [M&A advisor view of services responding to recent
appraisal case decisions]
-
October 31, 2016, Christopher
Ewan, Steven J. Steinman and Gail Weinstein of Fried, Frank, Harris,
Shriver & Jacobson LLP, published in New York Law Journal |
Mergers & Acquisitions: "Delaware Appraisal Results Are More
Predictable Than They Seem" (4
pages, 469 KB, in PDF
format) [Analysis of factors correlating to valuation premiums
in recent appraisal cases]
-
October 19, 2016, Brett M. McCartney of Morris James published in
Delaware Business Court Insider: "Dismissed Dell Appraisal
Claimants Settle With Company" [Legal expert's view of
currently undefined procedures to assure fair settlements in appraisal
cases]
-
October 19, 2016, Alison Frankel of WestlawNext Practitioner Insights
published by Reuters: "If it costs millions to win an
appraisal case, are the suits worth it?" [Court's support of
legal costs to assure required services for appraisal cases raises
questions about economic justification]
-
September 29, 2016, J. Travis Laster of the Court of Chancery of the
State of Delaware, keynote speech to the Fall 2016 meeting of the
Council of Institutional Investors: "The Block Chain Plunger: Using
Technology to Clean Up Proxy Plumbing and Take Back the Vote" (24
pages, 284 KB, in PDF
format) [Observations from Dell appaisal case of need for new
processes to give investors effective control of stockholder rights]
-
September 28, 2016, Martin J Crisp and Jason Freedman of Ropes & Gray
LLP published in Lexology: "Delaware Court of Chancery
rejects transaction price as best measure of fair value"
[Joining the competition for legal services to buyout proponents]
-
September 7, 2016,
Richard A. Booth of Villanova University School of Law: "The Real
Problem with Appraisal Arbitrage" (29 pages,
531 KB, in PDF format)
[Legal expert's views of investor valuation methodology]
-
September 5, 2016, Ronald Barusch
commentary in
The Wall Street Journal: "SolarCity Snafu Casts More Doubt
on Fairness Opinions" [Another example of "fairness opinion"
relevance to value]
-
Summer 2016, Nicholas O'Keefe of Kaye Scholer LLP in Kaye Scholer
M&A and Corporate Governance Newsletter: "Delaware Court Endorses
Share Tracing in Order to Deny Appraisal Claims in Dell Merger" (4 pages,
361 KB, in PDF format)
[Expert views supporting logic and marketplace benefits of court
decision establishing guidelines for proof of voting in appraisal
cases]
-
August 18, 2016, Davis Polk &
Wardwell LLP | Client Memorandum: "Recent Delaware Appraisal
Rights Developments Address Interest Rate Risk but Leave Certain
Transactions Vulnerable on Deal Price" (5 pages,
40 KB, in PDF format)
[Legal views of buyer interests responding to revised appraisal law
and Dell case precedent]
-
August 17, 2016, Edward M. McNally of Morris James published in
Delaware Business Court Insider: "Are Appraisal Cases to Decline?"
[Legal views of investor interests in revised appraisal law and new
"appraisal aggregator" services]
-
August 8, 2016, Charles
Korsmo of Case Western Reserve University School of Law and Minor
Myers Brooklyn Law School as principals of Stermax Partners, posting
in The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and
Financial Regulation: "Interest in Appraisal"
[Consulting academics' latest proposal to improve appraisal process]
-
July 29, 2016 Bloomberg BNA: "Companies Face Tough Decision
Under New Del. Appraisal Law" [Legal experts' views of investor
interests in new appraisal provision for voluntary payments]
-
July 26, 2016, Boris J. Steffen of RSM US LLP published in Law360:
"Merger Price Vs. Discounted Cash Flow: A Study Of Dell"
[Valuation professional provides detailed analysis of court's Dell
appraisal]
-
July 18, 2016, Mark L. Zyla of Acuitas published in CFO:
"What the Dell Decision Teaches Us About Valuation | The ruling
involving Michael Dell’s management buyout highlights why two
reputable share-valuation experts could differ by 126%"
[Valuation expert's views of why judge rejected valuation experts'
views in Dell appraisal]
-
July 18, 2016, Joshua Pringle of Chapman Tripp published in
Lexology: "'Fair value' in M&A - Dell and Delaware"
[Influence of Delaware court's Dell appraisal in other jurisdictions]
-
July 13, 2016, Michael Lange and Brian Shea of Financial
Recovery Technologies LLC, published in Law360: "Investors Must
Better Utilize Delaware’s Appraisal Process" [Administrative
service provider cites Dell example to promote institutional investor
use of appraisal rights]; see also
-
June 29, 2016, Edward M. McNally of Morris James published in
Delaware Business Court Insider: "The Problem With Delaware
Business Valuations" [Review of court's Dell appraisal
illustrating alternatives for valuation]
-
June 14, 2016, P. Clarkson Collins Jr. of Morris James published in
Delaware Business Court Insider: "Dell Decision Grants
Claimants Fair Value Award Above Merger Price" [Another analysis
based on legal adviser's view that auction pricing can define fair
value]
-
June 13, 2016 Financial Times: "A ding-dong in Delaware | A
dispute brought by Dell investors shows that valuations should be more
than academic" [Questions raised about reliance upon professional
experts to determine fair value]
-
June 13, 2016, Sullivan & Cromwell LLP: "In re: Appraisal of Dell Inc.
| Delaware Court of Chancery Determines Fair Value Is 28% Higher Than
Merger Price Following an Auctioned Arm’s-Length MBO" (8 pages,
182 KB, in PDF format)
[Another analysis by legal experts unfamiliar with investment
distinctions between market price and intrinsic value]
-
June 13, 2016, Lewis R. Clayton, Stephen P. Lamb, Daniel Mason and
Frances Mi of Paul Weiss Rifkind Wharton & Garrison LLP in Paul
Weiss Client Memorandum: "Implications of the Recent Dell
Appraisal Decision" (3 pages, 815 KB, in
PDF format); see also
subsequently republished
June 21, 2016, Lewis R. Clayton & Stephen P. Lamb of Paul, Weiss,
Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP posting in The Harvard Law School
Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation:
"Implications of the Recent Dell Appraisal Decision" [Creative
suggestions for buyer defense positions based on court's valuation
standards]
-
June 10, 2016, Fried Frank Harris Shriver & Jacobson LLP in Fried
Frank Private Equity Briefing: "In Our View, Dell Has Not
Increased the Risk of an Appraisal Award Higher than the Merger
Price—But Highlights that a 'Meaningfully' Competitive Sale Process Is
the Key to Reducing the Risk" (9 pages, 386 KB, in
PDF format) [Buyer defense
strategies based on perceived distinctions between LBO and MBO
situations, without distinction between pricing and value]
-
June 9, 2016, John M. Landry and John P. Stigi III of Sheppard Mullin
Richter & Hampton LLP published in National Law Review:
"Delaware Chancery Court Rejects Management Buyout Merger Price as
Best Evidence of Fair Value in Appraisal Proceeding" [Analysis of
Dell appraisal valuation by lawyers who read the court's decision]
-
June 8, 2016 Bloomberg BNA: "'Dell' Ruling Raises Questions Over
Fair Value of Buyouts" [More confusion among lawyers about
investment principles explained in Dell appraisal decision]
-
June 7, 2016, Shearman & Sterling LLP Client Publication | Mergers &
Acquisitions: "Delaware Chancery Court Grants Appraisal Petition After
Finding Dell MBO Transaction Provided Stockholders Less Than Fair
Value"
(4 pages, 245 KB, in
PDF
format) [Observations of M&A legal advisers concerned with
client responsibilities for negotiating transactions]
-
June 6, 2016, Oliver Brahmst and Matthew Hendy of White & Case:
"Appraisal Risk Back In The Spotlight After Dell" (29 pages,
896 KB, in
PDF format) [Summary of
decision's analysis of intrinsic value independently of market
pricing]
-
June 3, 2016, Martin Lipton and Theodore N. Mirvis of Wachtell Lipton
Rosen & Katz posting in The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate
Governance and Financial Regulation: "Delaware Court of Chancery
Appraises Fully-Shopped Company at Nearly 30% Over Merger Price"
[Defense lawyers promote confusion of court's logic and definition of
public interest in Dell decision]
-
June 1, 2016, Debevoise & Plimpton Client Update: "Delaware
Court of Chancery Determines Fair Value in Dell Appraisal" (2 pages,
117 KB, in
PDF format) [Review of
Dell appraisal decision's comparisons of analyses for market pricing
and for intrinsic fair value]
-
June 1, 2016, Matt Levine in
Bloomberg View: "Michael Dell Bought His Company Too Cheaply"
[Former investment banker/lawyer concedes validity of court's
intrinsic value analysis but opposes support of long term capital
investment]
-
May 26, 2016, Mark Lebovitch, Jeroen van Kwawegen and John Vielandi of
Bernstein Litowitz Berger & Grossmann LLP: "Memorandum: Analysis and
Comment on Delaware Chancery Court's May 11, 2016 Decision - In re
Appraisal of Dell, Inc." (3 pages,
102 KB, in
PDF format) [Legal
analysis of need for careful administration of voting to secure
appraisal rights]
-
May 25, 2016, Brett M. McCartney of Morris James published in
Delaware Business Court Insider: "Dell Shareholders' Appraisal
Claims Denied After Voting Mishap" [Legal analysis of decision
holding fund manager responsible for votes it controls]
-
May 24, 2016, Neuberger Berman Hedge Fund Solutions Group, published by
Nasdaq: "Opportunistic Investing – The Case for Merger Appraisal
Rights" [Asset manager presentation for appraisal rights
investments]
-
May 24, 2016, Steven
Davidoff Solomon of the University of California, Berkeley, published
in The New York Times DealBook: "Delaware Effort to Protect
Shareholders May End Up Hurting Them"
[Misinterpretation of court decisions adds to confusion about use of
appraisal rights]
-
May 20, 2016, David F. Marcus, Frank Schneider and Joseph B. Doyle of
Cornerstone Research published in Law360: "How Courts View
Valuation Methods In Appraisal Litigation" [Experts analyze
reasons for court rejections of expert valuations in appraisal cases]
-
May 12, 2016, Richards, Layton & Finger, PA: "In re Appraisal of
Dell Inc.: Delaware Court of Chancery Provides Guidance on
'Dissenting Stockholder' Requirement" [Dell's counsel
reviews facts and principles established by court decision about fund
manager's voting error in appraisal claim]
-
April 19, 2016
(draft), Wei Jiang of Columbia Business School, Tao Li of Warwick
Business School, Danqing Mei of Columbia Business School and Randall
Thomas of Vanderbilt Law School: "Reforming the Delaware Appraisal
Statute to Address Appraisal Arbitrage: Will it be Successful?" (48 pages,
643 KB, in
PDF format)
[Statistical study of Delaware appraisal cases 2000-2014]; for a
summary of the research by one of its authors, see
May 12,
2016, Wei Jiang of the Columbia Business School posting in The
Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial
Regulation: "Reforming the
Delaware Law to Address Appraisal Arbitrage"
-
February 23, 2016, Sujay Dave
and Torben Voetmann of The Brattle Group, published in Law360:
"BMC Software's Lessons For Expert Witnesses" [Example of
professional expert analysis rejected by judges in appraisal cases]
-
February 4, 2016, Ben Quarmby and Hassan A. Shah of MoloLamken LLP
published by The Hedge Fund Law Report: "Stockholder Appraisal Actions Present
an Attractive Litigation-Based Strategy for Hedge Fund Managers"
[Legal advisor's support of appraisal "arbitrage" investment
opportunities]
-
January 20, 2016 (draft), Charles R.
Korsmo of Case Western Reserve University Law School and Minor Myers of
Brooklyn Law School (also identified as "the principals of Stermax
Partners, which provides compensated advice on stockholder appraisal
and manages appraisal-related investments"):
"Reforming Modern Appraisal Litigation" (77 pages,
896 KB, in
PDF format) [Policy
recommendations and updated statistics supporting controversial
"arbitrage" of appraisal rights guided by expert advice]
-
November 13, 2015, Abigail
Pickering Bomba, Steven Epstein, Arthur Fleischer, Jr., Peter S.
Golden, Brian T. Mangino, Philip Richter, Robert C. Schwenkel, Peter
L. Simmons and Gail Weinstein of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver &
Jacobson LLP published in Fried Frank M&A Briefing: "BMC
Software: The Court’s Ongoing Incremental Path to Increased Reliance
on the Merger Price in Appraisal Cases (and DCF-Related Practice
Points)" (11 pages, 444 KB, in
PDF format) [Example of
legal services exploiting court reactions to “wildly” and
“dismayingly” divergent expert valuations in appraisal arbitrage
cases]
-
November 2015 Activism Monthly Premium: "How to protect your
deal from an activist" [Professional views of activist
disruption in M&A transactions]
-
October 2015 (draft), Iman
Anabtawi of the UCLA School of Law for publication in UC Davis Law
Review: "Predatory Management Buyouts" (47 pages, 275 KB, in
PDF format) [Research
establishing existing conditions allow buyouts by company managers to
be priced below fair value of company]
-
July 28-30, 2015, Steven Epstein, Arthur Fleischer Jr., Peter S. Golden,
Brian T. Mangino, Philip Richter, Robert C. Schwenkel, John E. Sorkin
and Gail Weinstein of Fried Frank Harris Shriver & Jacobson LLP
published by Law360: "A Study Of Recent Delaware Appraisal
Decisions: Parts 1-3" [Legal experts' failure to
distinguish between investor definitions of market pricing and
intrinsic value in appraisal analyses]
-
July 27, 2015, Gaurav Jetley and Xinyu Ji of Analysis Group, Inc.
posting in The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and
Financial Regulation: "Appraisal Arbitrage—Is There a Delaware
Advantage?" [Example of professional experts confusing
investor distinction between intrinsic value and market pricing]; for the full paper summarized in the
article, see July 2015 (draft), Gaurav
Jetley and Xinyu Ji of Analysis Group, Inc.: "Appraisal Arbitrage – Is
There a Delaware Advantage?" (47 pages, 229 KB, in
PDF format); for final
version, see April 1, 2016, Gaurav
Jetley and Xinyu Ji of Analysis Group, Inc., as published by The
Business Lawyer, Vol. 71, Spring 2016: "Appraisal Arbitrage – Is
There a Delaware Advantage?" (56 pages, 289 KB, in
PDF format)
-
July 9, 2015, CFA Institute: "In the News: Stock Valuation"
[Summary of how professional investors analyze a company's intrinsic
value]
-
July 7, 2015, Steven M. Hecht and Brandon M. Fiero of Lowenstein
Sandler posting in the Appraisal Rights Litigation Blog: "With
Unreliable Management Projections and No Market-Based Models, Delaware
Chancery Pegs Fair Value to Merger Price" [Court decision
illustrating risks of "appraisal arbitrage" in strategic business
combinations]
-
May 1, 2015, Steven Epstein, Philip Richter, John E. Sorkin and Gail
Weinstein of Fried Frank Harris Shriver & Jacobson posting in The
Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial
Regulation: "Over-Reaction to Use of Merger Price to Determine
Fair Value" [Legal review of evolving appraisal rights
considerations]
-
May 2015,
Kelly A. Terribile and Justin Mann of Greenberg Traurig, LLP,
published in The GT M&A Report: "Appraisal Arbitrage –
Delaware’s Response" (6 pages, 497 KB, in
PDF format; for full
edition of May 2015 GT M&A Report, 35 pages, click
here) [Summary of recent legal developments and
controversies]
-
April 16, 2015, Charles Korsmo of Case Western Reserve School of Law
and Minor Myers of Brooklyn Law School, published in The New York
Times DealBook: "Shareholder Litigation That Works"
[Advocates of "appraisal arbitrage" encourage reliance on specialized
funds to get fair price in buyouts]
-
April 2015, Dominick T. Gattuso and Samuel T. Hirzel of Proctor Heyman
Enerio LLP published in American Bar Association | Business Law
Today: "Statutory Appraisal: An Old Workhorse with a New Lease on
Life" [Recent Delaware court reliance on market pricing as
alternative to independent appraisal of intrinsic value]
-
March 17. 2015, David P. Foulke of Alpha Architect posting in
ValueWalk: "Appraisal Arbitrage – A Tool Of Evil Hedge Funds Or A
Benefit To Society?" [Confusion of appraisal rights created by
adventurous fund managers]
-
March 9, 2015, Trevor S. Norwitz of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz
posting in The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and
Financial Regulation: "Delaware Poised to Embrace Appraisal
Arbitrage" [Anticipated Delaware legislative refinement of
appraisal rights as viewed by litigation advocate]
-
February 20, 2015, Mark D.
Gerstein, Blair Connelly, Sarah M. Lightdale and Zach L. Rowen of the
Latham & Watkins Mergers & Acquisitions Practice in a Client Alert
Commentary: "Delaware Courts’ Recent Decisions on Appraisal May
Discourage Opportunistic Appraisal Arbitrageurs | In determining fair
value, Delaware Court of Chancery and Delaware Supreme Court take cues
from deal price" [footnoted reference links added] (4 pages,
837 KB, in
PDF format) [M&A
advisor interpretation of court ruling to promote professional
guidance of sale process]
-
January 21, 2015, Ryan
A. McLeod, Theodore Mirvis, Trevor S. Norwitzt, Andrew J. Nussbaum,
and William Savitt of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz posting in
The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial
Regulation: "Delaware Court Decisions on Appraisal Rights
Highlight Need for Reform" [Law firm that lost court case
allowing "appraisal arbitrage" now lobbying to change law]
-
January 7, 2015, Steven M. Hecht of Lowenstein Sandler posting in
Appraisal Rights Litigation Blog: "Delaware Chancery Reaffirms
Appraisal Arbitrage Strategy" [Legal explanation of court
decisions supporting "appraisal arbitrage" for shares bought after
record date]
-
November 4, 2014, Jessica
Perry Corley and David W. Gouzoules of Alston & Bird: "Developments in
Appraisal Litigation" (6 pages, 287 KB, in
PDF format) [Legal
review of current Delaware appraisal rights process]
-
September 29, 2014, Brian
Burns and Howard O. Godnick of Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP, published by
The Bureau of National Affairs in its Mergers & Acquisitions Law
Report: "Merion We Roll Along | Appraisal Arbitrage at a
Crossroads?"
(4 pages, 163 KB, in
PDF format) [Contoversy
about procedural validity of certain hedge fund practices]
-
July 11, 2014, Keith L.
Johnson with Megan K. Jackson and Woomin Kang of Reinhart Boerner Van
Deuren S.C., presented in Reinhart Investor Alert:
"Shareholder Appraisal Process In Delaware" (3 pages, 449 KB, in
PDF format)
-
July 1, 2014 The Activist Investor Blog: "Appraisal Rights"
[Activist view of appraisal rights]
-
June 18, 2014, Fried, Frank,
Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP in Fried Frank M&A Briefing:
"New Activist Weapon -- The Rise of Delaware Appraisal Arbitrage: A
Survey of Cases and Some Practical Implications"
(8 pages, 275 KB, in
PDF format) [Views of
M&A professional anticipating increased use of appraisal rights];
see also subsequently published views of firm members:
-
August 7, 2014, Abigail Pickering Bomba, Steven Epstein, Arthur
Fleischer Jr., Peter S. Golden, David Hennes, Renard Miller, Philip
Richter, Robert C. Schwenkel, David N. Shine, Peter Simmons, John E.
Sorkin and Gail Weinstein of Fried Frank Harris Shriver & Jacobson LLP,
published in Law360: "New Activist Weapon — A Look At Appraisal
Arbitrage Cases" [Another law firm review of previously reported
appraisal rights trends]
-
September 23, 2014, Philip Richter, Steven Epstein, David Shine and
Gail Weinstein of Fried Frank Harris Shriver & Jacobson posting in
The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial
Regulation: "Why Delaware Appraisal Awards Exceed the Merger
Price" [Professional view of need for independent valuations in
appraisal rights cases]
-
October 2014, Steven
Epstein, Philip Richter, Robert C. Schwenkel and Gail Weinstein of
Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP, published by the
American Bar Association | Business Law Today: "Delaware
Appraisal: Practical Considerations"
(4 pages, 238 KB, in
PDF format) [View that
court appraisal may be influenced by professional guidance of
merger negotiations]
-
March 23, 2015, Abigail
Pickering Bomba, Steven Epstein, Arthur Fleischer, Jr., Peter S.
Golden, David B. Hennes, Brian T. Mangino, Philip Richter, Robert
C. Schwenkel, John E. Sorkin and Gail Weinstein of Fried, Frank,
Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP in Fried Frank M&A Briefing:
"Proposed Appraisal Statute Amendments Would Permit Companies to
Reduce Their Interest Cost—Likely To Discourage 'Weaker' Appraisal
Claims and Make Settlement of Stronger Claims Harder"
(9 pages, 398 KB, in
PDF format) [M&A
professionals' views of anticipated changes in appraisal rights
law];
-
June 7, 2014, Dirk Besse and Moritz Heuser of Morrison & Foerster
posting in The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and
Financial Regulation: "Shareholder Activism in Germany"
[Global variations of buyout appraisal rights]
-
May 20, 2014, Grant
& Eisenhofer and the Institutional Investor Educational Foundation
(IIEF): "Appraisal as an M&A Investment Strategy | Breakfast Briefings
Summary Report - Spring 2014"
(17 pages, 991 KB, in
PDF format) [Marketing
presentation for traditional litigation management of appraisal rights]
-
May 12, 2014, Charles Korsmo of Case Western Reserve University School
of Law and Minor Myers of Brooklyn Law School posting in Columbia Law
School CLS Blue Sky Blog: "Appraisal Arbitrage and the Future of
Public Company M&A" [Analysis of recently increased investment in
appraisal rights]
-
March 27, 2014, David A. Katz and Laura A. McIntosh of Wachtell, Lipton,
Rosen & Katz in New York Law Journal: "Shareholder Activism in
the M&A Context" [Professional M&A advisor views of appraisal rights
"activism"]
-
March 27, 2014 Cooley LLP | Cooley M&A Team News: "Appraisal
Arbitrage—A Rising Star in the Activist Playbook"
-
March 14, 2014, Steven M.
Davidoff of Ohio State University, Jill E. Fisch of University of
Pennsylvania and Sean J. Griffith of Fordham University posting in The
Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial
Regulation: "Fixing Merger Litigation" [Research concludes M&A
class actions produce no benefits, courts and investors should rely upon
appraisal rights]
-
November 18, 2013 Wilson
Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati | WSGR Alert: "The Growth of Appraisal
Litigation in Delaware"
-
November 14, 2013, Steven M. Hecht of Lowenstein Sandler in the firm's
Appraisal Rights Litigation Blog: "Trading Price Is Not
Indicative of The Fair Value of Stock Subject to Appraisal"
-
November 1, 2013, Lawrence A. Hamermesh of Widener Law, posting in The
Institute of Delaware Corporate & Business Law: "Deal Price as Cap on
Fair Value: The Saga Continues"
-
September 9, 2013, Jeremy D. Anderson, Erin C. E. Battersby and José P.
Sierra of Fish & Richardson P.C., memorandum to Dell Valuation Trust:
Delaware Appraisal of Fair Value for Standalone Buyouts
(4 pages, 72 KB, in
PDF format); see also
subsequently published version,
September 10, 2013, Jeremy D. Anderson and José P. Sierra of Fish &
Richardson P.C. in Law360: "Unlocking Intrinsic Value Through
Appraisal Rights"
-
August 16, 2013, Boris J. Steffen of Gavin Solmonese LLC in
Law360: "Appraisal Rights Revisited: Resurgence, Trend Or
Afterthought?"
-
July 26, 2013, Lawrence M. Rolnick and Steven M. Hecht of Lowenstein
Sandler LLP: "Delaware Chancery Court Rejects Merger Price as Measure of
Fair Value in Appraisal Rights Cases: Professional Investors' Recovery
Is Not Limited to Merger Price" (2 pages, 412 KB, in
PDF format), subsequently
republished
August 7, 2013, Lawrence M. Rolnick and Steven M. Hecht of Lowenstein
Sandler LLP in Law360: "Del. Weighs In On Fair Value In Appraisal
Rights Cases"; see
also key cases cited:
-
Merion Capital LP v. 3M Cogent, C.A. 6247-VCP (Del Ch. July
8, 2013)
-
TowerView LLC v. Cox Radio, C.A. 4809-VCP (Del. Ch. June 28,
2013)
-
In Re: Appraisal Of The Orchard Enterprises, Inc. (Del. Ch.
July 18, 2012)
-
Golden Telecom, Inc. v. Global GT LP and Global GT LTD, 11
A.3d 214 (Del. Supreme Court, December 29, 2010)
-
July 17, 2013, Edward M. McNally of Morris James LLP: "Are Appraisal
Cases Coming Back?" (2 pages, 114 KB, in
PDF format)
-
June 6, 2013, Douglas J. Clark of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati in
NYSE Corporate BoardMember: "Why Merger Cases Settle"
[Incentives driving M&A breach of duty class actions, and proposed
remedies]
-
May 1, 2013, Kirkland & Ellis M&A Update: "Appraisal Rights - The Next
Frontier in Deal Litigation" (2 pages, 57 KB, in
PDF format); see also
subsequent
May 16, 2013, Daniel E. Wolf of Kirkland & Ellis LLP posting in
The
Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial
Regulation: "Appraisal Rights — The Next Frontier in Deal
Litigation?"; see
also cases cited:
-
In Re Synthes, Inc. Shareholder Litigation (De. Ch. August
17, 2012)
-
In Re: Appraisal Of The Orchard Enterprises, Inc. (Del. Ch.
July 18, 2012)
-
Krieger v. Wesco Financial Corporation, et al. (De. Ch.
October 13, 2011)
-
Golden Telecom, Inc. v. Global GT LP and Global GT LTD, 11
A.3d 214 (Del. Supreme Court, December 29, 2010)
-
In re: Appraisal of Transkaryotic Therapies, Inc. (De. Ch.
May 2, 2007)
-
April 18, 2013 Fried Frank
M&A Quarterly: "Appraisal Suits: The
Next Frontier in Deal Litigation?" (8 pages, 495 KB, in
PDF format)
-
March 15, 2013, Charles R. Korsmo of Case Western Reserve University Law
School and Minor Myers of Brooklyn Law School: “The Law and Economics of
Merger Litigation: Do the Merits Matter in Shareholder Appraisal?”
(42 pages, 320 KB, in PDF
format); for a subsequent version of this paper, see
December 2015, Charles R.
Korsmo of Case Western Reserve University Law School and Minor Myers of
Brooklyn Law School, published in the Washington University Law Review:
"Appraisal Arbitrage and the Future of Public Company M&A" (66 pages,
931 KB, in
PDF format)
-
2009, Lawrence A. Hamermesh of Widener University and Michael Wachter of
University of Pennsylvania: "Rationalizing Appraisal Standards in
Compulsory Buyouts" (49 pages, 316 KB, in
PDF format); see also
referenced
2005, Hamermesh and Wachter: "The Fair Value of Cornfields in Delaware
Appraisal Laws" (48 pages, 442 KB, in
PDF format)
-
Summer 2007, Joseph D. Glatt in Schulte Roth & Zabel
Activist
Investing Developments: "Is it Worth it? The Value of Delaware
Appraisal Rights to the Activist Investor" (7 pages, 367 KB, in
PDF format)
-
August 25, 2005 Glass Lewis & Co. (transcript): “Legal and Operational
Aspects of Appraisal Rights”
-
1984 Fall, Carl Ferenbach of Thomas H. Lee Co. in
Directors & Boards:
"Leveraged Buyouts and the Board | Putting the right policies in place
can help directors and management skirt a minefield of potential
conflicts in the LBO process;" with 1985 Winter comments of Alexander D.
Bono of Blank Rome Comisky & McCauley, Daniel E. Hogan of Standex
International Corp., Victor K. Kiam III of Remington Products Inc., and
David J. Mahoney of Norton Simon (6 pages, 241 KB, in
PDF format)
Reference Material
-
Investment Management
-
Valuation Analysis
-
February 14, 2017, Wei Jiang of Columbia Business School seminar
presentation (video) in Columbia Business School Program for Financial
Studies: "Disagreement on Valuation: How Appraisals Have Become
Governance Remedy and Investment Arbitrage" [Applications of
analytical expertise for investor realization of value in opportunistic
company buyouts] -
Recent court views of "seemingly motivated analyses by financial
advisors" and "widely divergent, litigation-driven expert
valuations" as alternatives to actual investor analyses of intrinsic
value (see also frequently cited earlier concerns of current Delaware Supreme Court
Justice Strine while a Vice Chancellor in
April 26, 2006, DE
Open MRI Radiology Associates v. Howard B. Kessler, et al.
(Consolidated C.A. No. 275-N): Opinion, pp. 23-24:"...I cannot shirk
my duty to arrive at my own independent determination of value,
regardless of whether the competing experts have provided widely
divergent estimates of value, while supposedly using the same
well-established principles of corporate finance."):
-
November 1, 2013, Huff
Fund Investment Partnership v. CKx, Inc. (C.A. No. 6844-VCG):
Memorancum Opinion
-
December 9, 2014, In re Appraisal of Dole Food Company Inc.
(Consolidated C.A. No. 9079-VCL): Opinion
-
January 30, 2015, In RE Appraisal of
Ancestry.Com, Inc. (CA No. 8173-VCG): Memorandum Opinion
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April 30, 2015, Merlin Partners LP and AAMAF LP v AutoInfo, Inc.
(C.A. No. 8509-VCN): Memorandum Opinion
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June 30, 2015, LongPath Capital v. Ramtron International Corp. (CA
No. 8094-VCP): Memorandum Opinion
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July 28, 2015, Fox v.
CDX Holdings, Inc. (C.A. No. 8031-VCL): Memorandum Opinion
-
October 21, 2015, Merion Capital LP and Merion Capital II LP
v. BMC Software, Inc. (CA No. 8900-VCG): Memorandum Opinion
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May 31, 2016, In Re: Appraisal of Dell, Inc. (Consol. C.
A. No. 9322-VCL): Post-Trial Memorandum Opinion Determining Fair
Value
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July 8,
2016, In Re: Appraisal of DFC Global Corp. (Consol. C.A. No.
10107-CB): Memorandum Opinion; for a subsequent increase in the
Court's determination of fair value based on its correction of
"expert" adjustments of cash flow projections and growth rate,
see September 14, 2016,
In Re: Appraisal of DFC Global Corp. (Consol. C.A. No.
10107-CB): Order Granting in Part the Parties' Cross-Motions for
Reargument
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August 11, 2016, In re ISN Software Corp. Appraisal Litigation
(C.A. No. 8388-VCG): Letter Opinion and Order [page 2: "Since a DCF
is a widely used method of valuation, in reliance on which large
amounts of capital are deployed in corporate markets each year, an
optimist (a.k.a. someone other than a judge presiding in appraisal
trials) might assume that experts hired to examine the same company,
analyzing the same set of financial data, would reach similar
results of present value based on discounted cash flow. In fact, it
is quite common for the petitioner’s expert in an appraisal to reach
a DCF value twice that arrived at by the respondent’s expert
(although never the reverse). In a competition of experts to see
which can generate the greatest judicial skepticism regarding
valuation, however, this case, so far, takes the prize: one of the
Petitioners’ experts opines that fair value is greater than eight
times that implied by the DCF provided by the Respondent’s expert.
Given such a divergence, the best scenario is that one expert, at
the least, is wildly mistaken."]
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November 10, 2016, John Douglas Dunmire, et al. v. Farmers &
Merchants Bancorp of Western Pennsylvania, Inc. (C.A. No.
10589-CB): Memorandum Opinion [page 1: "Petitioners’
expert valued F&M at $137.97 per share, approximately 66% above
the deal price. Respondent’s expert valued F&M at $76.45 per
share, almost 8% below the deal price. ¶ For the reasons
explained below, I conclude that the transaction price and
certain of the methodologies the experts used are not reliable
determinants of fair value...."]
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December 16, 2016,
Merion Capital L.P., et al. v. Lender Processing Services,
Inc. (C.A. No. 9320-VCL): Memorandum Opinion [Court's
independent analysis supports competitively estabilshed pricing
of strategic buyer as fair value; stating (p. 47): "The Merger
was not an MBO. To the contrary, the Company’s management team
believed that Fidelity would not retain them if it acquired the
Company. This gave the management team a powerful personal
incentive not to favor Fidelity and not to seek (consciously or
otherwise) to deliver the Company to Fidelity at an advantageous
price. Instead it gave the management team an additional
incentive to seek out other bidders and create competition for
Fidelity."]
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May 26, 2017,
In Re Appraisal of PetSmart, Inc. (C.A. No. 10782-VCS):
Memorandum Opinion [Court relies upon apparently fair
pricing in absence of credible investor valuation (p.3):
"Petitioners have failed to carry their burden of persuasion
that a DCF analysis provides a reliable measure of fair value in
this case. The management projections upon which Petitioners
rely as the bedrock for their DCF analysis are, at best,
fanciful...."; concludes that (p.108): "paid experts have
offered such wildly different opinions" and "I can find no basis
to accept Petitioners’ flawed, post-hoc valuation and ignore the
deal price...."]
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May 30, 2017, In re
Appraisal of SWS Group, Inc. (C.A. No.
10554-VCG):
Memorandum Opinion
[Conclusion, pp.49-50: "I note that the fact that my DCF
analysis resulted in a value below the merger price is not
surprising: the record suggests that this was a synergies-driven
transaction whereby the acquirer shared value arising from the
merger with SWS."]
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November 16, 2018, In Re: Appraisal of Dell, Inc.
(Consol. C. A. No. 9322-VCL): Order Regarding Expert Reports
(2 pages, 95 KB, in PDF
format) [Support of policy "[e]nsuring that expert reports
are exposed to public scrutiny and possible criticism by the
community of interest"]
-
July 9, 2015, CFA Institute: "In the News: Stock Valuation"
[Summary of how professional investors analyze a company's intrinsic
value]
-
September 9, 2013, Jeremy D. Anderson, Erin C. E. Battersby and José P.
Sierra of Fish & Richardson P.C., memorandum to Dell Valuation Trust:
Delaware Appraisal of Fair Value for Standalone Buyouts
(4 pages, 72 KB, in
PDF format); see also
subsequently published version,
September 10, 2013, Jeremy D. Anderson and José P. Sierra of Fish &
Richardson P.C. in Law360: "Unlocking Intrinsic Value Through
Appraisal Rights"
-
2009, Lawrence A. Hamermesh of Widener University and Michael Wachter of
University of Pennsylvania: "Rationalizing Appraisal Standards in
Compulsory Buyouts" (49 pages, 316 KB, in
PDF format); see also
referenced
2005, Hamermesh and Wachter: "The Fair Value of Cornfields in Delaware
Appraisal Laws" (48 pages, 442 KB, in
PDF format)
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Legal and Regulatory
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Delaware General Corporation Law, § 262. Appraisal Rights
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December
14, 2017, Dell, Inc. v. Magnetar Global Event Driven Master Fund
Ltd., et al (Supreme Court of Delaware Case No. 565, 2016):
Upon appeal from the Court of Chancery. REVERSED in part, AFFIRMED
in part, and REMANDED (84 pages, 502 KB, in
PDF format) [Court
considers "fair value" defined by market pricing, eliminating
appraisal as protection from opportunistic buyouts]
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December 8, 2016, In
re Appraisal of Rouse Properties, Inc. (C.A. No. 12609-VCS):
Memorandum Opinion and Order [Appointment of single lead
counsel to support fiduciary duties of petitioners to all claimants
and avoid "free rider" exploitation of services]
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July 21, 2015,
Mannix v. Plasmanet, Inc. (C.A. No. 10502-CB): Memorandum
Opinion [Decision supports settlement of non-petitioning
claimants independently of petitioner]
-
July 13, 2015, In Re: Appraisal of Dell, Inc. (Consol. C. A. No.
9322-VCL): Memorandum Opinion [Judge encourages review of
antiquated ownership definition that requires dismissal of appraisal
claims based on custodian administrative errors]; see also
September 29, 2016, J. Travis Laster of the Court of Chancery of the
State of Delaware, keynote speech to the Fall 2016 meeting of
the Council of Institutional Investors: "The Block Chain Plunger:
Using Technology to Clean Up Proxy Plumbing and Take Back the Vote"
(24 pages, 284 KB, in PDF
format) [Observations from Dell appraisal case of need for new
processes to give investors effective control of stockholder rights]
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January 5, 2015, In RE Appraisal of
Ancestry.Com, Inc. (CA No. 8173-VCG): Memorandum Opinion and Order and
January 5, 2015, Merion Capital LP and
Merion Capital II LP v. BMC Software, Inc. (CA No. 8900-VCG):
Memorandum Opinion and Order [Decisions supporting "appraisal arbitrage" for shares bought after
record date]
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December 9, 2014, In re Appraisal of Dole Food Company Inc.
(Consolidated C.A. No. 9079-VCL): Opinion [Decision allows
buyer discovery of petitioner valuations]
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